The True History of SHAZAM! and the original Captain Marvel

      

Part 1 of several.

Hi friends, and welcome. For regular followers of me, this blog, the Captain Marvel Culture website, the Captain Marvel Culture Facebook group and page, the Captain Marvel Culture YouTube channel, and who may have seen my posts and comments and answers on YouTube, Facebook, Quora, and pretty much any article or blog post that purports to tell the history of any Captain Marvel, what follows should be familiar history. However, what with the upcoming "SHAZAM!" movie in post-production, as well as Marvel's "Captain Marvel" movie following hard upon, it seems that lots of people continue to post inaccurate histories as the authoritative truth.

The latest of these was on https://www.slashfilm.com/history-of-shazam. It was well written, with an air of authority. It seems to me, however, that it was written by somebody who did research on the Internet for a few hours rather than tracking down the source material. There are misconceptions and inaccuracies all over it. I don't want to assume that's what the writer did, but it is obvious that they did not go the extra step to find out the difference between a copyright and a trademark, or that Whiz Comics #1 was merely an ashcan and never released to the public.

There are plenty of other examples of inaccurate info being given as authoritative truth on YouTube, Quora, and Facebook and the mainstream press (which is not to say that they are dealing in "fake news." That's a whole 'nother thing). But rather than log all of them here, I would just like to see if I can straighten this whole mess out and give researchers a one-stop shop for this history.

In 1938, Jerry Seigel and Joe Shuster, a writer and artist team from Cleveland, Ohio, finally found a buyer for their ground-breaking character, "Superman." Long story short, their character, generally acknowledged to be the first true comic book superhero, first appeared in Action Comics #1. About that time, the publisher, National Allied Publications, was reorganized as Detective Comics, Inc. (after its first all-original, single-subject comic book with ads, Detective Comics) and would later come to be known as DC Comics.

Before long other superheroes appeared, and other publishing companies, either already extant or newly created, started introducing more superheroes.

Fawcett Publications had been started by retired US army captain Wilford H. Fawcett. "Captain Billy," as he was known, had published a pamphlet of patriotic writings and low-brow humor to entertain his veteran buddies in V.A. hospitals in his home town of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The pamphlet was called Captain Billy's Whiz-Bang. This publication became a big hit among the college set in the 1920's, spawning a large, diverse, and successful publishing company. Its titles included, over the years,  Daring Detective, Family Circle, Motion Picture, Screen Secrets, True Confessions, Mechanix Illustrated, and Woman's Day.

Noticing the success of superhero comic books, one of Captain Billy's sons, Roscoe Fawcett, decided to get Fawcett Publications into that racket. Citing surveys that showed the largest audience for superheroes was 10-to-12-year-old boys, he laid out the dictum "Give me a Superman, only have his other identity be a 10-to-12-year-old boy rather than a grown man." He put art director Al Allard in charge of the project with the assistance of editorial director Ralph Daigh, and staff writer Bill Parker and staff artist C.C. Beck were assigned to create this hero (as well as fill up a 64-page comic book with additional stories).

At first, Parker came up with the idea of a team of superheroes, each with a different power. But it was decided that this would be too confusing, so Parker went with the single hero.

The story he wrote began with Billy Batson, orphan newsboy, trying to sell his papers outside a subway station in the rain late at night. A stranger in a dark coat and hat came up to him and asked "Why aren't you home in bed, son?

"I have no home, sir," the boy said. "I sleep in the subway. It's warm there."

Without hesitation, the stranger said "Follow me!"

AND FOR THE FIRST AND LAST TIME THAT THIS WAS EVER A GOOD IDEA the 10-to-12 year old orphan followed the mysterious stranger into the subway.

The stranger took him to a long cavern lined with statues of "The Seven Deadly Enemies of Man" (more on that later). At the end was an old wizard who introduced himself as "SHAZAM!" With a crash of thunder, a display on the wall revealed his name to be an acronym:

Solomon - Wisdom
Hercules - Strength
Atlas - Stamina
Zeus - Power
Achilles - Courage
Mercury - Speed

Shazam proceeded to tell Billy Batson that he knew about his hard life but that since his heart was pure, he would pass on the responsibility for defending the weak and fighting for justice to him. "Speak my name!" he commanded,
Billy did so.

And in a crash of thunder and a flash of lightning, Billy was transformed into the mighty hero...Captain Thunder!

Wait...what?

That's right, his name was Captain Thunder, he was to appear in the first issue of Flash Comics from Fawcett Publications, and an "ashcan" issue was produced to secure copyright and solicit distribution.

But All-American Comics (sister company to Detective) had just come out with their new comic by the same title.

So Fawcett decided to re-title the book Thrill Comics and produced an ashcan. But Pines Publishing was coming out with Thrilling Comics.

So Fawcett decided to go with a title that referenced their very first publication, and came out with Whiz Comics, and produced an ashcan. And in all these ashcans, the hero was named "Captain Thunder."

It made logical sense what with the lightning motif and the thunderous transformation. But someone didn't like it.

In testimony in the lawsuit with National (more on that later), Ralph Daigh said he didn't like that name. Comic book historian Jim Steranko reports that it was considered too "clamorous." So the histories say that artist Pete Costanza came up with the name "Captain Marvelous." It was shortened to Captain Marvel and since the Ashcan of Whiz Comics was considered issue #1, the first issue to hit the stands was #2, cover dated February, 1940.

(There seem to be a lot of people who think that the reason for the name change was that there was "Captain Terry Thunder" character in Jungle Comics #1, cover dated January, 1940, but I doubt this. The earliest reference I have been able to find to this theory is a website from 2012. In all previous histories, it has never been mentioned. Steranko, in particular, wrote his history in the early 1970's based on interviews with the surviving Fawcett staffers, and it was never mentioned.) 

The character was a big hit, and before long it was decided to give him a solo title. The first issue was written and drawn by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby in a legendary two-week period with some help from their friends when they took a hotel room and did after-hours work while they were creating Captain America for Timely Comics. The title came to be Captain Marvel Adventures.

In time, Captain Marvel developed a family of superheroes around him. There were the Three Lieutenant Marvels, Captain Marvel, Jr., Mary Marvel, Uncle Marvel, and in Fawcett's Funny Animals, even Hoppy, the Marvel Bunny! (click on the names for more about each of them)

Captain Marvel was even the first comic book superhero in a motion picture! Movie serials had made a comeback recently with the success of Flash Gordon, and Republic Pictures was shopping for a comic book property. They opened discussions with Detective for Superman, but it didn't work out, so they closed the deal with Fawcett for Captain Marvel. The Adventures of Captain Marvel movie serial, starring Tom Tyler as the hero, Frankie Coghlan, Jr. as Billy Batson, and Nigel de Brulier as Shazam, is generally acknowledged as one of the best ever made.

Captain Marvel's comics went on to sell more copies than Superman. Bill Parker wound up in the military during World War II and never came back to comics, but Otto Oscar Binder wound up becoming the main writer for the character and wrote more than half of all the stories of Captain Marvel and those of the other Marvel Family characters. It was he who really solidified the character of the hero and the sense of fun and "whimsy" for which the Marvel Family line of characters were known.

Of course, nobody likes a rival to their success, and the publishers of Superman were no exception. By 1941, Detective Comics, Inc. had shut down at least two Superman imitators with lawsuits. With The Adventures of Captain Marvel nearing release, they went after Captain Marvel. They issued a cease-and-desist letter claiming that the similarities between the two heroes were so great that it constituted copyright infringement, and that Captain Marvel stories were copying Superman stories.  This did not stop Fawcett and Republic from releasing their Captain Marvel works. So then Detective sued Fawcett Publications and Republic Pictures in September 1941. The case finally went to trial in March, 1948.

The arguments included the fact that both heroes had tight costumes, were super-strong, super-fast, and had alter-egos in journalism, and fought against injustice (Clark Kent was a newspaper reporter, and Billy Batson had become a radio reporter). Other similarities included flying and the fact that their arch enemies were bald scientists (Lex Luthor for Superman and Dr. Sivana for Captain Marvel) but in those instances, Captain Marvel came first. Instances were also shown of Captain Marvel doing things that Superman had done previously.

Fawcett countered by pointing out the differences between the two characters (the color of the costume, the age of the alter ego, and the fact that while Superman was a visitor from another planet, Captain Marvel was a product of magic, for instance, and that there was no "Lois Lane" romantic angle in Captain Marvel stories and no villain as prevalent in Superman stories as Dr. Sivana was against Captain Marvel). They also showed examples of not only Captain Marvel doing certain things before Superman did them, but heroes of literature and mythology, like Tarzan, Popeye, and Hercules doing things like these before both of them.

Fawcett also pointed out that the McClure Newspaper Syndicate, which distributed the Superman newspaper strip, had failed to print the required copyright notice on a bunch of Superman strips. There were also certain irregularities with the copyrights of the material in certain issues of Superman comics. Therefore, they claimed, the Superman character's copyright had been abandoned, and it did not matter whether or not Captain Marvel or his stories violated it.

McClure Syndicate Superman strips without proper copyright notice

By the time the decision was handed down in 1950, Detective and it's sister company, Superman, Inc., had reorganized to form National Comics Publications, Inc.

The U.S. District Court (93 F. Supp. 349) ruling recognized the similarities and differences between the characters and held that the character was not in violation of National's copyright. It did find that though there were conflicting testimonies by Fawcett employees as to whether there had been orders to copy Superman and Superman stories, the court was satisfied that copying did happen. However, the failure of Detective and McClure to ensure that appropriate copyright notices were affixed to at least 160 newspaper strips did constitute abandonment.

Thus, Fawcett won the case. Of course National appealed.

In 1951, Judge Learned Hand of the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals (191 F.2d 594) decided that the inadvertent copyright omission did not constitute abandonment, and though Fawcett was not trying to deceive customers into thinking that Captain Marvel was Superman, copying of stories did happen. Copying of stories is an infringement of copyright. So National won. Now all that was left was to determine damages. Damages were to be determined by finding every instance in which Fawcett's Captain Marvel stories copied National's Superman stories.

This would have required many hours of cataloging over a decade's worth of comic books. By this time, sales of comic books had declined since their WWII peak, particularly in the area of Superheroes (though Captain Marvel was still popular). So Fawcett made the business-wise decision to settle with DC for $400,000 and agree not to publish Captain Marvel ever again. They closed down their comic book division, sold off a few of their properties to Charlton Comics, and their last issue was Marvel Family #89, cover dated January, 1954.

(Some folks say that Fawcett folded, or went bankrupt, or into receivership, or dissolved as a result of the suit. Nothing could be further from the truth. By settling with DC, Fawcett had unloaded a great legal expense and a division that was not nearly as profitable as it had been, even without the lawsuit. They went  on to contnue publishing magazines and expanded into paperbacks and other media, until selling out to CBS Publishing for $50 Million in 1979.)

(It is not true that DC acquired the rights to Captain Marvel as a result of the settlement. I have found no evidence to back that up, and lots that makes no sense if it were true. Find out the surprising person who did say it was true in the next episode!)

NEXT: What happened next! Other Marvels! Other Companies! Other lawsuits! Aliens and androids and...oh my!

"Shazam" Convergence Review, part 1

After having been out of the comic book market for a month and a half due to my trip to the medieval combat world championships (my documentary of the USA Knights is coming soon) so I finally got a chance to catch up on the whole "Convergence" thing happening with DC Comics and the role of the original Captain Marvel in it.

It started, if you will, with the "Multiversity" event, a storyline in which the different universes of the "New 52" were explored, some being developments of "Elseworlds" concepts from years ago, some being brand new interpretations of DC characters and superhero tropes, and one being a new interpretation of the classic hero and his word from Fawcett Comics.

As regular readers of this blog know, the original Captain Marvel was acquired by DC Comics in 1972 and his stories began pretty much where they left off, with an explanation of how the Big Red Cheese, Junior, Mary, the Sivanas, and most of the other back-up characters had been trapped in a vessel of "suspendium" for 20 years. DC also explained that these characters existed on "Earth S," a parallel Earth in which the regular DC characters did not exist. After the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" of 1986, all the alternate universes were combined into one, and some major characters, including the Big Red Cheese, were "rebooted" and given slightly different interpretations.

Then the New 52 hit in 2012, and DC rebooted their entire universe and every character in it. They established that there are 52 alternate universes and implied that there was an "Earth 5" that appeared to be a copy of Earth S (5 = S, get it?).  It was stated publicly, however, that Earth 5 was not Earth S and that we would find out, someday, what it was.

What it was was revealed in the Multiversity one-shot "Thunderworld." This was a fun, entertaining romp written by Grant Morrison and drawn by Cameron Stewart that introduced the world of Earth 5, in which the Marvel Family, with the help of Tawny, Uncle, and the Lieutenant Marvels defended Fawcett City from the Sivana Family and the Monster Society, as Dr. Sivana captured the Rock of Eternity and stole enough suspendium with the help of alternate-universe Sivanas to create an 8th day of the week. It was a brilliant combination of the hokey ficto-science and adventure of the classic Fawcett stories with multi-cosmic and, frankly, disturbing elements of Multiverse.

In "Thunderworld," the re-interpretations of certain classic elements (The Lieutenant Marvels now included Uncle and Tawny and were a uniformed, rocket-packed, sci-fi-weapon-bearing squadron, and Billy used a cell phone with his updated backpack broadcasting equipment) were handled lightly and not out of character with what one might expect from an organic progression of the characters from the 1940's. Dr. Sivana's motivations were consistent with the character, making him the perfect character to begin to explore the evil implications of a multiverse. The conclusion gave us a perfectly satisfactory twist and a closing that was consistent with anything Otto Binder ever wrote. The whole story was applauded by the great majority of fans of the World's Mightiest Mortal, and we all wanted to see more.

So when "Convergence" was announced, we waited with bated breath to see how it would turn out...

Mr. Tawny, the Feline Everyman

While many of Captain Marvel's adventures could be seen simply as fun adventures, there were times when moral lessons were imparted. These were frequently through the use of a very popular character, Mr. Tawky Tawny, the talking tiger.

Mr. Tawny was the everyman. A tiger from a non-specified jungle on another continent, he had been given a serum which enabled him to speak and think like a human. His curiosity of the big city brought him to America, where he did his level best to fit in. He would face those common challenges that we all have faced in our lives. He would struggle with his weight. At times he would fall prey to get-rich-quick schemes or “personality potions” or other gimmicks that he thought would make him more popular. But the most serious challenge came when he tried to get a new house.

Published in 1947, “Mr. Tawny's New Home” came out right when both pro football and big-league baseball were breaking their color barriers. Black people had come home from WWII proving that they could do anything whites could do, and the march towards the end of Jim Crow was beginning. But prejudice dies hard, and hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan still existed. This story had Mr. Tawny moving into a new neighborhood, where it turned out the people feared and distrusted him. They even formed a citizens group to drive him out, complete with robes, masks, torches, and pointy hoods.

Captain Marvel stopped their rampage, and Mr. Tawny proved himself to be a good fellow, and so the community learned something about tolerance and acceptance. This was a lesson Captain Marvel taught in several other stories as well. But this valid and important point was inadvertently undercut by some other things that had appeared earlier in the pages of Captain Marvel comics.

Early on, Fawcett had decided to try to appeal to a black audience, so Ed Herron created the character of Steamboat. Steamboat was a hot dog salesman who became Billy Batson's valet at station WHIZ. He spoke in a stereotypical “Negro” dialect, was nobly loyal to his boss, and had big red lips that took over half his face. In short, he was a demeaning racial stereotype.

But such stereotypes were the norm for popular entertainment at that time. Steppin Fetchit was the most popular (and wealthiest) black actor in mainstream Hollywood. One could still find blackface minstrels in the movies, with nothing thought bad of it. This even had a tradition within Fawcett Publications history; Captain Billy's Whiz Bang was notorious for its off-color and racial jokes. It is sad, really, that in an attempt to appeal to a specific audience, they wound up creating a character that described everything that that audience found offensive. The character was discontinued after a delegation from the black community marched into the Fawcett offices and demanded it.

Perhaps it is easier for people to swallow a moral lesson if they can see it as a parable, rather tan seeing the story in its unvarnished truth. Perhaps by seeing a real black person, prejudiced people would be blocked from the lesson by their prejudices. But Mr. Tawny was an already popular and beloved character (a mail-in contest to give him his first name drew thousands of responses), so using him to highling social issue must have seemed more effective.

Next: Captain Marvel Goes Hollywood!

Early Captain Marvel

Immediately Captain Marvel and Whiz Comics became a success. It is not hard to see the attraction Captain Marvel may have had to young boys. He was, in his alternate identity, a young boy. This boy was a resourceful, adventurous kid, who could handle himself in tough situations, but when faced with a challenge that was greater than a normal man could handle, he could change into a grown man, a mighty hero, by simply saying a magic word. As more than one historian has commented, this was total wish fulfillment. It may have been more difficult for young boys to identify with a grown man who was an alien from outer space.

Further, while the early adventures of Superman were tales of social justice, and laced with the sexual tension of the Superman/Lois Lane/Clark Kent triangle, the adventures of Captain Marvel had it's heroes (Billy Batson and the Captain) battling absurd, almost comedic plots to conquer the world, with little or none of the embarrassing awkwardness of a Clark Kent/Lois Lane exchange. In fact aside from Captain Marvel being particularly shy around women, the whole romance angle was conspicuously absent.

Captain Marvel's primary adversary was Dr. Sivana, a bald scientist who was struggling to rule the world and ultimately gain the crown he believed he deserved, that of the “Rightful Ruler of the Universe.” His look was inspired by C.C. Beck's childhood pharmacist. This was one of the most tenacious and entertaining villains in history.

Shortly after Captain Marvel first appeared, the US entered WWII. Bill Parker went into the service, and never returned to comics. After a while Otto Oscar Binder, an already successful writer of science fiction famous for, among other things, the original “I, Robot” stories, got a job writing for Fawcett's comics. He got the Captain Marvel job and ultimately wrote more than half the Captain Marvel and related character stories published by Fawcett. His writing style established the sense of “whimsy” that so many historians have described Captain Marvel's stories to have. After the end of Fawcett Comics, he went on to write for DC, adding a similar sense of humor to many Superman-related stories, and creating characters like Supergirl.

Next: The Blue Boy